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    American Revolutionary War

    What were the benefits of adopting the Constitution over continuing to use the Articles of Confederation? What were the drawbacks of adopting the Constitution? If you lived during this period in history, which of the philosophies would you have supported?

    The British parliament had passed the Navigation Act in the 17th century as a part of mercantilism. The Act stipulated that only the British ships were permitted to export and import goods in the colonies. The colonists secretly began to trade goods with non-British colonies in the Caribbean. The Navigational Acts were withdrawn in 1849 and the British had to follow the policy of free trade. Sugar Act or the Revenue Act of 1764 was the first tax imposed by the British government over the American colonies. Protest came from colonies especially from Virginia. The protests reached its full momentum with the passage of the Stamp Act in 1765. The Seven Years War, created a huge debt for the British treasury of about 150 million British pounds. The Greenville ministry decided to extract some money from the colonies by the way of Stamp Act. The internal taxes until that time had arisen only from the colonial assemblies. Along with the Stamp Act, the parliament passed the Mutiny Act, which required the colonials to quarter the soldiers. The legislation of the British parliament backfired. The colonists raised the slogan, "No taxation without representation." In 1765, the representatives of the nine colonies met at Newyork at the Stamp Act congress and petitioned King George III and the parliament to repeal the Stamp Act. The British parliament responded by repealing the Stamp Act and passed the Declaratory Act to show their resolve to tax the colonies whenever it was necessary. Sons of Liberty played great role in forming the public opinion against the British. When the Stamp Act was passed, the Liberty boys met in each town under a Liberty tree and burnt the effigies of British officials. Sons of Liberty threatened the royal officials and committed excesses against the colonial governor. They were responsible for the Boston Tea party. Thus the secret organizations were able to undermine the British economy in the colonies. Quartering Act which was passed on June 2, 1765 was an indirect tax on the colonies for protection from the French. The colonists did not consider French as a threat and opposed it. Violence broke out in colonies over the issue and many provinces implemented the provisions of the Quartering Act only for name sake. Charles Townshend, the Chancellor of the Exchequer imposed an external tax on the colonies in 1767 known as the Townshend duties. The colonists who were already encouraged by the success in the Stamp Act had presented a thunderous opposition. The British Parliament acceded to the protests of the British manufacturers who lost terribly due to decline in colonial trade and growth of American industry. Townshend duties were repealed in 1770 except that of tea. In 1773, the parliament passed the Tea Act to save financially troubled East India Company. The colonies feared that it was a step to monopolize the tea trade. The radicals in America believed that the cheaper tea was aimed to get the public support to the taxes already in force. The unpopular Tea Act resulted in the Boston Tea party and the British did not get the desired result. The Committee of Correspondence was an idea developed by Samuel Adams. The committee was responsible for convening the First Continental congress. The committees did a great job of uniting the colonists, informing the new the developments, and help raise opposition against the actions of British crown. An important step in the American Revolution was taken in the First Continental congress. Until then, the colonists opposed the measures of Britain, but now they decided to start an open rebellion against Britain. They claimed that the actions of Britain had violated their natural rights and principles of English constitution. The defeat of Britain was also due to the role of the philosophers. One such philosopher was Thomas Paine who had published a document called Common Sense in 1776. He called upon the colonists to fight for their complete independence from Britain. His philosophy was based on the natural right philosophy of John Locke. Thus we can see that the efforts of Britain to prosper economically was thwarted by the colonists and ultimately led to their downfall.

    The causes for the defeat of Britain in the American Revolution had a long history. The British Parliament had passed the Navigation Acts in the 17th century to control the activities of Dutch and prevent from making profits. The theory behind the act was mercantilism. The Act stipulated that only the British ships were per

    American Revolution questions

    What is the position taken by the British Parliament and the American Patriots for the Tea Act and the Coercive Acts? How did each of these events contribute to the growing tension between Great Britain and the Colonies?

    Questions about the British Colonies

    How did life in the British colonies contribute to creating a unique American identity? How do you see that identity manifested in modern American society? Provide three examples of differences in economic and social development between the Northern and Southern colonies. What affect did slavery have on these differences?

    Arizona Constitution Assignment

    I am to do these seprately, but both in APA. I am looking for some help. I have already looked in my book and on line. Any other suggestions or help? Thank You in advance. :-) This is the assignment: Write a 250-500-word summary of various methods to introduce a law in the state of Arizona. Then prepare a 250-500-word

    Terrorist Attack on the U.S.

    Terrorism The terrorist attack on the U.S. on September 11, 2001 emphasizes the importance of not relying on history alone. Other factors, such as political, environmental, and economic changes should also be examined. Please answer the following questions paper: 1. Within the framework of a hazard and vulnerability ana

    The founding fathers of United States had formulated a balanced government based on Federalism. There existed two kinds of federalism; Dual and cooperative. In dual federalism the powers of the Federal and state governments were equal. The co-operative federalism had the view that Federal government and state governments should cooperate in administrative matters, but in reality it was no so. There was a gradual shift from dual federalism to the cooperative federalism. The changes were made by the rulings of the Supreme Court of United States. The first major decision by the Supreme Court came in the case of McCulloch v Maryland (1819). Chief Justice John Marshall upheld the power of the national government and denied the right of the state to tax the bank. Other two important rulings by the Supreme Court were the cases of Gibbons v Ogden (1824) and Dred Scott v Sanford (1857). The opposition to the exceeding authority of the Federal government was controlled during the Jacksonian era (1829-37). During the 1930s, the political and social climate of the country enabled the Federal government to take dominance over the state laws. National laws and amendments to the constitution had taken many powers of the states. There were sincere moves on the part of President Richard Nixon to restore the powers of states in the name of new federalism. One barrier of granting state autonomy was the federal mandates. The Federal government had agreed that it was an obstacle to the states in exercising autonomy. The actions of federal government were routed by some of the rulings of the Supreme Court. Some of the important cases connected this were United States v Lopez (1995), Gun Free School Zones Act (1990), and Printz v United States (1997). Other examples of Federal supremacy can be seen in the case, United States v Morrison, Alden v Maine (1999), and Kimel v Florida Board of Regents. In all above cases, the Supreme Court declared that the actions of the Federal governments were unconstitutional and upheld the authority of the state governments. Comparison of two Periods: The Constitutional convention/ratification and New Deal: The constitutional convention was convened on May 25, 1787 at Philadelphia. The first issue was regarding the representation of the states in the new government. Two plans were considered; New Jersey and Virginia plans. Small states feared that they would loose their representation in the Federal government. Virginia plan actually aimed to diminish the powers of the states. Great Compromise put an end to it. The anti-federalists were critical of the constitution submitted before the states in 1787 for ratification. They were not opposed to a federal set up, but they believed that the proposed constitution would give too much power to the national government. The Bills of Rights were added to the constitution as a result of the insistence of the anti-federalists.During the period of New Deal, Roosevelt followed a policy of cooperation between Federal government and states. This kind of cooperation between Federal government and states were referred as cooperative federalism. The pattern of relationship between national government and states earned another name known as the "marble cake." Eventhough, there was cooperation between the Federal government and states, in reality, the functions and powers of the national government were much expanded. Many social programs introduced during this period were executed with the cooperation of center and states and hence there developed a system known as Federal-grant-in aid. The Supreme Court had allowed it to expand as desired by the Federal government.

    1. The founding fathers of United States had formulated a balanced government based on Federalism. There existed two kinds of federalism; Dual and cooperative. In dual federalism, the powers of the Federal and state governments were equal. The co-operative federalism had the view that the Federal government and state govern

    Inter war period and World War II: The Five Power Treaty was otherwise known as the Washington Naval Conference of 1922. The treaty resulted in the reduction of the tonnage of each nation's warships and agreed to keep a balance with the signatories. Kellong Briand Pact was an international agreement initiated by France and United States in 1928. The two nations agreed jointly to denounce war as a matter of national policy, but defensive war not prohibited. The treaty had no expiration date and there were no provisions for amending the agreement. The main culprit for the economic decline during the interwar period was the First World War itself. The World War I led to innumerable suffering and material destruction. Living conditions in Europe dipped considerably due to the sufferings of the war. Other major cause for European economic stagnation was the Great Depression of 1929. The Neutrality Act of 1935 prohibited the sale of arms and ammunition to the warring countries and banned Americans from traveling in the ships of the warring countries. The Neutrality Act of 1936 extended those bans and added another clause to ban extending loans or credit to the nations at war. In the background of the Spanish Civil War, the congress reacted by expanding the neutrality laws to civil conflicts. Soon the legislation was passed prohibiting the Americans from traveling in the ships of the warring countries and empowered the President to identity the goods that could be sold to the warring countries on cash and carry basis. Munich Conference was held at Munich in Germany in 1938 when Austria was annexed by Adolf Hitler. The main countries who attended the conference were Germany, Britain, France and Italy. At the Munich conference in 1938, Britain and France followed a policy of appeasement and agreed to give Hitler, Sudetenland, the German speaking part of Czechoslovakia in return for peace. The major event which occurred on September 1, 1939 was invasion of Poland by Germany. Blitzkrieg was the kind of military tactic adopted by Germany during the World War II with great success. Its literal meaning is lightening war or surprise attack. The principal countries of the Axis powers were Germany, Italy and Japan. In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria and installed a puppet government over a newly declared independent state called Manchukuo. Soon Japan bombed the parts of Shanghai in China to protect the Japanese interests. During the turbulent years of World War II, America followed a policy of isolation, but Roosevelt allowed the allies (France and Britain) to carry arms on "cash and carry" basis. The policy of neutrality and isolation came to an end with the Lend Lease Act of 1941. The American First Committee sharply criticized the American involvement in the World War II. They argued that lend and lease legislation would put America in danger by putting away its arms and ammunitions to Great Britain. The committee said that act gave the chief executive dictatorial powers that would allow American president to send merchant ships to danger. The committee called on the pubic to stop the congress from passing the bill. During the presidency of Franklin Roosevelt, Europe was embroiled in World War II. The president declared in 1941 that the presence of Axis powers in the waters where America considered as vital to its defense would result in violent action. He ordered to shoot on sight German submarines operating in the American waters of defense. The plan, "Defeating Germany First" was aimed by the Allies to help Britain in the war against Germany in Europe. Pacific Theater was the term used to describe the operation of the US against Japan in the Pacific Ocean. Battle of the Midway was the decisive battle the turned the tide of the war in the Pacific theater. The Battle of the Leyte Gulf was the largest naval battle in the World War II. The Battle of the Bulge (1944-1945) was the last major battle fought by Nazi Germany against the Allies. Operation Torch was the Allied invasion of North Africa under the command of the General Eisenhower. Remagen was the place where the last bridge, Ludendroff was located while the US troops entered Germany. The World War II boosted the economy of US and there was no unemployment. Large number of women joined the industries where men had worked. The federal government encouraged Americans to conserve and recycle materials. The necessities of war influenced even the fashion. The government encouraged the people to cut back the use of food stuffs and consumer goods. The government agency responsible for rationing in US during the World War II was US Office of the Price Administration (OPA). The head of the US War Production Board between 1942-44 was Donald M. Nelson. The primary concern of the American government with regard to the economy during the war was the inflation. The fastest speed allowed by law during the war was 55 MPH. X stickers were given to the members of the congress and other very important people. The state which received the most of the migrants during the second world war was California. Double V campaign was aimed to gain victory against Axis powers and racial prejudices in United States. Reporter Ernie Pyle commonly found on 79 beaches of Normandy, cigarettes and writing paper, when US troops stormed the area in 1944. Some of the things used by the Germans to fortify the beaches of Normandy stormed by U.S. troops in June 1944 were concrete bunkers. Age of Affluence: Characteristics of America's post-World War II "boom" on the economy and family life: The World War II resulted in the economic boom. Industries like automobiles, and electronics grew to a great extent as a result of the baby boom. The growth could be seen the income of the common man. More and more people joined the middle class. There was a high demand for single family homes and use of cars increased. Sunbelt the first major planned, prefabricated suburb build after World War II. Positive features of the New Suburbia: The new suburbs are filled with economic activity and at the same time is filled with greenery

    Coming of World War II Main consequence of the "Five Power Treaty" 1921-22 The Five Power Treaty was otherwise known as the Washington Naval Conference of 1922. The treaty resulted in the reduction of the tonnage of each nation's warships and agreed to keep a balance with the signatories. The powers agreed to stop constructi

    Abraham Lincoln: Positions & Views on Slavery

    How did Abraham Lincoln interpret the Declaration of Independence as it relates to Americans? Is there anything that Lincoln said about African Americans that surprises you? Is so, what is it? Why are you surprised? What is the significance of Lincoln's interpretation of the Declaration of Independence for Americans today.

    Reforms of Mikhail Gorbechev

    The revolutionary policies of Michael Gorbachev changed the course of the history of Soviet Union. Gorbachev assumed the leadership of Soviet Union when he was elected as the General Secretary of the Communist Party in 1985. Gorbachev was a man of vision and in 1985 he started a movement against corruption and alcoholism. His

    Collapse of Communism

    The signal for the end of Soviet Union began in the early 1980s. Soviet Union suffered economically and there were clamors for reforms. The end of the communism heralded with the fall of Berlin wall on November 9, 1989 and the unification of Germany. The other countries of the Eastern Europe, who were eagerly looking for inde

    US Women's History: Relevance & Themes

    1-Why do you think it is important to study the history of American women? 2-In the Introduction to Through Women's Eyes, the authors identify three integrating themes or categories in women' s history. Which do you find the most interesting and why?

    The Second Great Awakening was a religious movement of the United States which began in late 18th century and lasted until the middle of the 19th century. The awakening had created among the people a heart for reform. It was an encouragement to education. Universities of Pennsylvania and North Carolina were established. There was an expansion of public schools from 1820-50. The religious fervor helped them to denounce slavery as sinful. The women demanded voting rights. The Senna Falls Convention in 1848 led by Elizabeth Caddy Stanton was an important step in this direction. The traditional male dominated family was replaced with co-operative family. The temperance movement functioned along with the women rights. The National Temperance Union demanded a ban on alcohol as it was detrimental to the stability of the family. Another notable result of the awakening was the growth of trade when the frontier people met together at the frequent camp meetings. These trade relations had greatly benefited the rural families.

    Second Great Awakening was a religious movement of late 18th century and lasted until the middle of the 19th century in United States. Eventhough the awakening spread to all parts of America, it was concentrated on the Northwest and Midwest. The awakening created among the people a heart for social reform. The awakening resul

    Oneida community was founded by John Humphrey Noyes in 1848 at Oneida, Newyork inspired by the revival meetings of Charles Finney. It was successful due to its peculiar religious and social principles. Some of the doctrines adopted by the Oneida community were complex marriage, mutual criticism, male continence, ascending fellowship, confession, re-generation, separation, revelation, equality of sexes, and millennial kingdom. The movement failed due to the public criticism, lack of leadership qualities of his son, desertion and marriage of its members. In January, 1881, Oneida community came to an end and in its place a joint stock company known as Oneida Community Limited was formed

    Oneida community was founded by John Humphrey Noyes in 1848 at Oneida, Newyork. It was significant due to its peculiar religious and social principles. The revival meetings of Charles Finney attracted Noyes, but he developed his own religious doctrines. The whole theology of Noyes was based on the doctrine of perfectionism.

    Transcendentalism was a literary and philosophical movement which began in the United States in 19th century. The ideas of transcendentalism were developed by Ralph Wando Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Henry David Thoreau, and a group of New England educators, religious leaders, and social reformers. Transcendentalists believe in intuition. They have the opinion that religion has no power to transfer the truth, but only the intuition. Transcendentalists had faith in oversoul. It is the omnipotent divine spirit found in every man. God can be found in nature. The transcendentalists stressed the unity of nature and humans

    Transcendentalism was a literary and philosophical movement of 19th century. The movement began in United States. The ideas of transcendentalism were developed by Ralph Wando Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Henry David Thoreau, and a group of New England educators, religious leaders, and social reformers. Some of the main ideas o

    Chief Justice John Marshall gave a landmark judgment in the case, McCulloch v. Maryland in 1819. The court ruled that it was true that the congress had no particular power to create a bank, but it had implied or enumerated powers other than the powers listed in the constitution. The Article I of the constitution empowers the congress to carry out other functions which were responsible. The bank was needed to stabilize the fluctuating economy of the country. The court also pointed the principle of the supremacy of the national government over the states. Therefore, the states had no power to tax the institution of Federal government. The verdict empowered the congress to use the implied or delegated powers and expand the role of the federal government

    In the McCulloch v. Maryland case of 1819, the Supreme Court judge John Marshall gave a landmark judgment which had far reaching effects on the history of United States. The court ruled that it was true that the congress had no particular power to create a bank, but it had implied or enumerated powers other than the powers list

    When Andrew Jackson was elected as the president of the United States in 1828, it was hailed as the victory for the common man. Until that time only the people from Virgina or aristocrats were elected as the president. Jackson who was was well known among the common people as a frontier, national hero, and a popular figure believed that the President should stand alone and win the the confidence of the people in the midst of an aristocratic congress. Jackson took democratic stand during the time of the formation of his cabinet or kitchen cabinet, Indian removal, nullification crisis, and during the war against the Second bank of United States.

    The American Presidential election in 1828 was remarkable due to the rise of common man to the Presidency. Until that time, aristocratic presidents based in Virginia reigned over United States and Jackson was an exception to this. Many people felt that the election of 1828 was the result of a mob rule, but it was the inaugurat

    The rise of political parties in United States began with the end of the Presidency of George Washington. Both parties believed in liberty and freedom of the people. The Republicans had the view that the state could exercise powers only enumerated in the constitution, while the Federalists argued that state had the right to make laws necessary for the functioning of the government which were not forbidden by the constitution.

    The rise of political parties in United States began with the end of the Presidency of George Washington. The divisions between the strict constructionists and the loose constructionists led to the formation two political parties; Federalist Party and Republican Party. Both parties believed in liberty and freedom of the peopl

    The era of good feelings began with the presidency of James Munroe after the war of 1812. The era began with the goodwill tour of the president towards North, where he was greeted by the people warmly. It was known as the era of good feelings because Monroe enjoyed great support due to one party domination and America felt great morale after the War of 1812. The period marked a rise of nationalism and absence of political strife. It enabled the Republicans to follow some of the policies of their political opponents like establishing a second national bank, a protective tariff, and improvements in transportation

    The Presidential election of 1816 put an end to the Federalist Party. The Jeffersonian republicans totally dominated the national politics of the country. The period of James Monroe (1817-23) was therefore, known as the era of good feelings. The era began with the goodwill tour of the president towards North, where he was gre

    The colonial America did not offer equality to blacks and women. For example, African slaves were considered as the property of their masters. Jefferson was influenced by the ideas of enlightened thinkers. In his statement to Cartwright, he said "Nothing... is unchangeable but the inherent and unalienable rights of man." On another occasion, he said, "It is a civilization alone which replaces women in the enjoyment of natural equality. That first teaches us to subdue selfish passions and to respect those rights in others, which we value in ourselves." In a deleted passage by the continental congress, Jefferson expresses his displeasure against the king for the violation of certain sacred rights of life and liberties to blacks. Inspite of several arguments against Jefferson, the above statements shows that he had invaluable respect for men and women of the country. We cannot deny the fact that the ideas of liberty of the founding fathers later led to the freedom of slaves and voting rights of women

    Thomas Jefferson is considered as one of the greatest Presidents of United States who valued freedom and equality. It cannot be denied the fact that in Colonial America all people did not enjoy equal freedom. For example, African slaves were considered as the property of their masters. The conditions of the colonial women wer

    Early British North American Colonies

    Identify the Early British North American Colonies What were the goals? Explain the government? Explain the Social Structure. What was the religion?

    Social Issues

    2-3 pages Details: Library Research Assignment Several issues have come to the forefront of our national conscience in the past two decades: Gay America Aging America Energy and the Environment Pick one of these three and discuss it. Your discussion should include these principal people/items and what they are kno

    Reconstruction (1865-1876)

    Please assist me with some ideas so that I can write a paper on this topic: 1. Analyze the ten-year period known as Reconstruction (1865-1876).