This solutions describes circumstances where it may be desirable to convert a patients' CD4 T cell response from a Th1-dominated to a Th2-dominated response or vice versa. The solution describes, using examples, diseases associated with these responses, and why each type of immune response may be damaging to the host.
How does molecular mimicry contribute to the development of autoimmunity?
H1N1 influenza has become a major health concern. This solution details why this virus poses such a threat to public health, and how the virus arose. It also discusses how spread of the virus can be controlled, and the current status of the pandemic.
The type of T cell-mediated immune response has a key impact on the outcome of several parasite infections. This solution uses schistosomiasis as an example to explain how different types of T cell response can have different effects on the control of the parasite.
Describe the elements of humoral and cellular immunity that are involved in immune responses to viral infections. What mechanisms have infectious agents evolved to defeat these elements?
This posting shows the principal routes of infection used by all significant human viruses. This may be of use in virology or microbiology questions regarding routes of transmission or prevention.
Antiviral drugs must be designed in a different way to that used for antibiotics or other anti-infective agents. This solution details the considerations that must be taken into account when developing antiviral drugs, and gives examples of different classes of antivirals.
The CD4 T cell response can develop into either Th1 or Th2 responses, characterized by production of different cytokines. These two different responses have evolved to deal with different types of infections. The solution details which infections are most effectively controlled by each type of response, and details the underly
What common features are involved in adenovirus 12 infection and bare-lymphocyte syndrome?
I can not figure this problem out. Subunit vaccines can be made by genetic engineering of yeast cells. A side effect of this kind of vaccination might be_______. the disease a yeast infection duet to extraneous material that the vaccine doesn't provide immunity none of the above Which enzyme does not make sticky en
Chapter 1 of our textbook we start off learning about the characteristics of life. By now you know that ALL living things: 1. are composed of cells (have structural order) 2. have homeostasis, or maintain internal regulation such as body temperature adjustments in a cold or hot environment 3. grow and develop- for example
Viruses vary in the makeup of their genetic material. Some have double-stranded DNA, but other viruses have genomes composed of single-stranded DNA, double-stranded RNA, or single-stranded RNA. Single-stranded molecules have a single polymer of DNA or RNA that does not form a double-helix and does not base-pair with a complement
A researcher, studying two different viruses (A and B) that infect the same cell type, digests away all the protein and transfers the nucleic acid directly into the host cell. Only virus B causes the infection. This suggests: a) Virus A is likely to be a naked virus b) Virus A is likely to be an enveloped virus c) Virus A i
Please help me understand the function of all the following types of cells. a) Macrophages. b) Basophils. c) Monocytes. d) Platelets. e) Red blood cells. Also, which of these cells wander the interstitial fluid eating whatever bacteria and virus-infected cells they encounter and recognize?
Why are vaccines developed to combat flu only partially effective? Why has the search for treatments for the flu (or a cure), been less successful than the development of drugs to combat or cure bacterial infections?
Q. Summarize the process of antibody mediated immunity from the point at which the B-lymphocytes are stimulated to the time that antibodies are produced. Be sure to include the role of other immune cells (i.e.: in addition to B cells) in this process.
I understand that Koch's postulates have limitations, but I don't understand how that plays a role in molecular genetics. Here is my question. Given the limitations of Koch's postulates, what role do you see for molecular genetics and associated techniques in addressing the exceptions to the postulates?
Please help with the following problem. Provide a short explanation, in at least 100 words. The immune system must be able to ignore normal human proteins, but be able to rapidly respond to infectious agents. Please give details about how the immune system can make this discrimination, which leads to the development of an i
Design an experiment using the vaccinia virus to make a vaccine against AIDS virus (HIV)
A brief explanation occurs for this question: Every year new flu viruses arise in the world, and yet most of the time we have one or more lymphocytes that can respond to these new viruses. How is this so?
11. What are the characteristics of a long term non-progressive (LNTP)? 12. Antibodies are produced by ___ cells of the immune system. 13. What is the "incubation period" for HIV? 14. What opportunistic infection (O.I.) causes blindness? 15. If a person has a negative test for HIV how many months should he/she wait for a ret
Is there a correlation between the speed of a viral infection and its potential mortality? Explain.
Why have vaccines been relatively unsuccessful in stopping AIDS?
Question: Given their approximate diameters, calculate the approximate number of a. hepatocytes (diameter 20 micrometers) radius=10 micrometers, b. bacteria (diameter 1 micrometers) radius=0.5 micrometers, and c. virus particles (diameter 10 nm, radius=5 nm=.005 micrometers) that can be placed in a single layer, on
The immune system is composed of several types of cells whose coordinated, concerted effort is required for screening, identification, and eventual purging of microbial invasion. This is especially evident when the body launches the Specific Immune Response, comprised of both Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity. Create a network
What is the interaction that goes on between the Ebola virus and the cells in a human? I need cell/virual interaction. Thanks. Be specific but try to explain it so I can understand too, this is Graduate level. Thanks.
1. If you inoculate fresh Nutrient Broth with 100 cells of Escherichia coli and keep the culture at the optimal temperature of 37°C, assuming the generation time is 30 minutes, how many generations will take place after 7 hours? How many bacteria will be present? Will the number of bacteria continue to double every 30 min
Explain role of the immune system and response of the immune system against allergies. See the attached file.
1. Name the five classes of immunoglobulins and their functions. 2. Outline the types of immunity? Which type of immunity produces lifelong immunity? Which type of immunoglobulin is present with this type of immunity? 3. Name four bacterial and four viral diseases, covered in this chapter, for which a vaccine is curren
1) Describe how the mammalian immune system responds to (i) a laceration, such as an injury from falling on a barbed-wire fence, and (ii) a viral infection. 2) Explain how the flu vaccination works and why it has a fairly low success rate.