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    Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis

    Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) analysis helps managers understand the relationships that exist between the costs of inputs, the volume of sales and the level of profit.

    Break-Even Analysis: An important element of CVP. The break-even point is the level of sales the firm must reach to break even (cover their costs so there are no operating losses). Past the break-even point, operating income increases by the contribution margin of each additional unit sold.

    Contribution Margin (CM): The amount of money from each unit sold above the variable costs of each unit. CM is kept by the company to cover fixed costs, or to contribute to operating income past the break-even point.

    Contribution Margin per Unit = Price per Unit – Variable Cost per Unit
    Contribution Margin = Sales – Variable Expenses
                               or  = CM per Unit * # Units Sold


    Profit (Operating Income) = Contribution Margin – Fixed Expenses


    Break-Even Point in Units Sold = Fixed Expenses/CM per Unit


    Break-Even Point in Total Sales Dollars = Fixed Expenses/CM Ratio


    Where, CM Ratio = CM per Unit/Selling Price

                            or = [Selling Price – Variable Cost per Unit]/Selling Price

    Cost Structure: Refers to the relative proportion of fixed and variable costs in an organization.


    Operating Leverage: A measure of how sensitive operating income is to a given percentage change in sales.


    Degree of Operating Leverage = CM/Operating Income


    CVP Assumptions:

    1. Selling price is constant through relevant range
    2. Costs are linear through relevant range and can be divided into variable and fixed elements
    3. In multiproduct companies, sale mix is constant
    4. In manufacturing companies, inventories do not change (produced = sold) 
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