Traumatic Brain Injury in Children and Youth

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Traumatic Brain Injuries in Children and Youth
(1) Summarize and discuss the major problems evidenced by children and youth with traumatic brain injuries (TBI).
"A traumatic brain Injury, (TBI) is a particular type of acquired brain injury; it is the result of an external blow to the head. A TBI can result in either an "open" head injury - where the skin and bone of the skull are actually penetrated and the brain may be exposed, or a "closed" head injury - where there is no lesion to the skin or skull but there is still damage to the brain within the skull." (Brain injuries in children and youth, 2001, p. 5). Based on this definition of a brain injury, the research suggests that the brain's significant role in regulating cognitive processes is disrupted with an acquired brain injury. For example, the brain controls thought processes, emotions, motivations, and determines how individuals interact others, and the environment (Sternberg, 2006). In addition, the electrical stimulation of the prefrontal paths in the brain causes a long-term increase in what is remembered (or LTP). LTP [facilitation of neurons]) is reported to be caused by several factors including: (a) increased release of transmitter substances [neurotransmitters], (b) increased number of receptors, or (c) increased communication between a postsynaptic region and other neurons (Pinel, 2006). According to Pinel, the significance of this mechanism is that the neural changes in LTP aids necessary memory abilities-such as recalling how to perform motor skills such as walking and talking; r riding a bike or playing a sport is encoded long-term memory.
On this basis, in addition to memory problems, children and youth with TBI will have a problem with fine motor ...