Informed consent, deception, debriefing, IRB approval, protection from harm, and confidentiality

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Informed consent: This is the easiest. In simple terms, it is to ensure that the client, whether he be involved in testing, assessment or counseling, knows the procedures and what is expected of him. There should be no surprises for the client as a result The language must be simple and easy to understand. Even when services are ordered by a court, a basic explanation remains the professional requirement regardless of the lack of need for consent. "Informed" is the main question.

Deception: This concerns the deliberate falsification of data procedures and/or conclusions to reach a goal agreed upon prior to the research. In modern academia, this is endemic. The measures against deception are community (that is, data and results can be easily communicated and replicated), universality, disinterestedness, and skepticism. When these are violated, there is a bias and hence, deception.
In our Detroit analysis, one pitfall might be to ignore race, because, if it turns out that percentages of blacks vs whites is a major cause of crime or decay, careers might be ruined. There is a substantial correlation between race and crime. It is only rarely discussed due to the threats, attacks and insults that derive from it, regardless what the facts say. To avoid race on this basis, or to skew the data (as was common at one point, to combine Hispanic and White together) is deception.
On the other hand, studies like the Milgram experiment used deception in a way that was scientifically legitimate (or so he said). People thought they were including pain on others but were not. The deception was meant to convince the volunteers that they were inflicting pain to measure how far they would go to conform to a ...