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Emotions - Universal?

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What are emotions? Do you believe that human emotions are universal? Why or why not?

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Solution Summary

This solution explains what emotions are and discusses the universality of emotions and highlights the cross-cultural differences. Additionally, this solution includes seven reference sources for further research about emotions in relation to psychology.

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What are emotions?

Emotions are a part of our everyday lives. Emotions pervade subjective experience (Izard, 2009), and although they are often perceived as a single subjective state, emotional experience is likely composed of many different elements (anger, sadness, joy, fear, and disgust). Tomkins (1962, 1963) and others (Ellsworth, 1994; Izard, 1971) suggested that the evaluation of an emotion is part of the experience of emotion. Although the importance of attitudes toward emotions was recognized almost half a century ago, the empirical study of them has been rather limited. Most research on this topic has examined cultural differences in attitudes toward emotions and not examined how these attitudes relate to other emotion-related variables.

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