Culture, Early Civilizations & Revisionist History

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Dear Student,
Hi and thank you for using Brainmass. I have answered this very problem several years back. I am assuming that you are taking this course with the same university. My student then has indicated the books and resources that are being used in this class. The thing about the questions is, they are not 'timeline oriented' but theory, opinion and information oriented. The questions are assuming that you have read all the materials that you need to for this class so therefore you can already answer the questions set before you in an essay-manner. So, how do you go about these? Basically, you have to treat each question as a 'mini' essay. You have to draw from the ideas in your materials and then put them together to answer each question putting your own opinion and interpretation of the material. I will therefore not differentiate from the same advice I have given a previous student of this class as the answers for me remain the same. They should get you started. Please remember that all the materials in Brainmass are archived and they are open to browsing by colleges and universities when they are checking for plagiarism. If you feel the need to use certain parts of this solution, you can. Just do not forget to cite. To do that, just write this after the text you have 'cut and pasted' into your final work - (Jones, 2011). Do not forget to put the test you have taken from this solution between quotation marks like this "text from the solution" (Jones, 2011). In your reference section, if you are going to do this, include the reference:

Jones, XR (2011). Posting ID: 455842, "Culture", Brainmass, Inc.

Now, let us look at each of the questions and the possible way you can answer each of them:

"What forces contributed to the cultural makeup of early civilizations?

According to Arnold Toynbee, early civilizations were the result of what he deems as 'primitive societies' (primitive social groups with a sense of shared concerns and traditions) not particularly due to the drive of racial or environmental forces but because they needed to congeal together to respond to and overcome ...