Physics of Electronic Devices and Circuits
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1. How electrons move in conductors, semiconductors, and insulators
2. How diodes and simple transistors are constructed and how they work
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The Physics of Electronic Devices and Circuits are stated.
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1. How electrons move in conductors, semiconductors, and insulators
Materials have electrical properties that can allow them to be organized into three broad categories: conductors, insulators and semiconductors. Metals (pure elements and alloys) are typically conductors of electricity and a relatively small number of nonmetallic substances can also be classified as conductors. The nonmetallic elements and their compounds fall into the class of electrical insulators. Most ceramics and plastics do not conduct electricity under ordinary circumstances. Plastic coatings are frequently found covering copper wires to protect the user from shock and keep devices from short circuiting. Ceramic knobs are used where electrical wires are attached to utility poles or to the back of a house. The third group of materials, the semiconductors, can be understood from their name, to fall somewhere midway between conductors and insulators. Although pure elements such as silicon play an important role in many semiconductor devices, it is most often utilized by adding very small but controlled amounts of impurities in order to alter its properties. GaAs (or gallium arsenide) is another important semiconductor.
When an electric field is applied, electrons may flow through a material if there are empty states in the outer (valence) shells of the atoms that make up the material. An electron will not easily transfer between atoms if there is not a vacant state of similar energy in the receiving atom for it to occupy. We model the ...
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