Circle Properties and Missing Values
Please help describe how to solve problems based on circle properties and circle rules.
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Solve problems and justify arguments about chords and lines tangent to circles
Let's take a quick review on a few parts of a circle.
Circle
The locus of a point, which moves such that its distance from a fixed point always a constant.
The fixed point is called its center and the constant distance is called its radius.
The boundary of the circle is called its circumference.
Chord
A line segment whose end points lie on the circumference of the circle is called a chord.
AB is the chord.
Let's review the properties related to the chord.
Property 1:
In a circle, chords equidistant from the center are congruent.
Property 2:
In a circle, congruent chords are equidistant from the center.
Property 3:
A perpendicular line drawn from the center of a circle to a chord bisects the chord.
Property 4:
The line joining the center and the midpoint of a chord is perpendicular to the chord.
Tangent
A tangent to a circle is a line in the plane of the circle that intersects the circle in exactly one point.
The line m is called the tangent line.
Point of tangency
The point where a circle and a tangent intersect is the point of tangency.
The point A is called the point of tangency
.
Now let's review the properties related to the tangent lines.
Property1:
If a line is tangent to a circle, then the line is perpendicular to the radius to the point of tangency.
Property 2:
If a line in the plane of a circle is perpendicular to a radius at its endpoints on the circle, then the line is tangent to the circle.
AB is tangent to the circle O.
Property 3:
The two segments tangent to a circle from a point outside the circle are congruent.
That is, TP = TQ.
Let's work out problems related to the chords and tangents to the circles.
Example
Find the length of the missing side OA when AB = 8 cm and OC = 3 cm.
Given : AB = 8 cm and OC = 3 cm
To find: Length of OA.
Property: Perpendicular from the center of a circle to a chord bisects the chord.
==> AC = CB = 4 cm [ since AB = 8 cm]
Let's find the length of OA using the Pythagorean theorem.
In ∆OCA, OA2 = OC2 + CA2
OA2 = 32 + 42
= 9 + 16
= 25
OA = 5 cm
The length of the missing side OA is 5 cm.
Example
Find the value of x.
Given: OC = 18 and AC = 25
To find: Length of DE.
1)The perpendicular drawn from O to DE is F which equals 18.
==> OC = OF = 18 [Given:Perpendicular drawn from the center to the chords are equal]
2) AC = CB [Property:Perpendicular drawn from the center bisects the chord]
==> AB = AC + CB
AB = 25 + 25 = 50
3) AB = DE [Property: Chords equidistant from the center are congruent]
50 = DE
The length of the chord DE is 50.
Example
Find the length of OC.
Given: AC = CB = 18 and DE = 36
To find : Length of OC
The chords AB and DE have same length.
i.e AB = DE = 36
==> OF = OC [Property:Equal chords of a circle are equidistant from the center]
12 = OC
The length of OC is 12.
Example
Find the measure of the angle P.
Given: PQ and PR are the tangents.
To find: m<P
OQ and OR are the radius of the circle perpendicular to the tangents PQ and PR.
==> <Q and <R are the right angles.
PQOR is a quadrilateral whose angle measures have a sum of 360 degrees.
m<P + m<Q + m<R + m<O = 360°
m<P + 90° + 90° + 122° = 360°
m<P + 180° + 122° = 360° [90° + 90° = 180°]
m<P + 302° = 360° [180° + 122° = 302°]
m<P = 360° - 302°
m<P = 58°
The measure of the angle P is 58°.
Example
Determine the perimeter of the triangle ABC.
Given: AF = 12 cm , DB = 14 cm, and CE = 7 cm
To find: Perimeter of the triangle ABC.
The circle with center O is inscribed in the triangle ABC.
AD = AF = 12 cm
[Property: The two segments tangent to a circle from a point outside the circle are congruent]
BD = BE = 14 cm
CF = CE = 7 cm
We know that perimeter is the sum of the side lengths of the figure.
Perimeter of the triangle ABC = AD + DB + BE + EC + CF + FA
= 12 + 14 + 14 + 7 + 7 + 12
= 66
The perimeter of the triangle ABC is 66 cm.
AB2 = EB2 + AE2
AB2 = 52 + 262
AB2 = 25 + 676
AB2 = 701
AB = 26.47
The distance between the gears is about 26.5 in.
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