International Policing and Law Enforcement

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Please see the attached file.

I have listed key points for each of your answers. I have also provided the reference below each answer for you to elaborate on these points when you compose your own answers.

Analyze the existence and use of GIS in these countries and prepare a comparative report based on analysis.
• U.S.
• England
• India
• Canada

• A description of the technological development in these regions.
US Technological Developments
- "Over the last 5 decades, information technologies have grown to a $500 billion industry, and the personal computer has become a defining symbol of our age"
- "The federal government has supported the development of information technologies in a number of ways. In the early days of the industry, government procurement, especially for defense and space applications, was a powerful influence on technological advances. Government also has funded a broad spectrum of research and development, from basic computer science to the development of prototype technologies, including the advanced networks that evolved into the Internet."
- "As a final example of the government's varied roles in technology development, consider the collection and use of the geographic information that describes the arrangement and attributes of features and phenomena on the earth—known as spatial data. Many federal, state, and local agencies and private organizations generate and use such data for many purposes, including agriculture, land-use planning, and environmental management."
Source: http://www.nas.edu/21st/technology/technology.html

England Technological Developments
- There is a growing emphasis on gas and development on hybrid energy systems that are integrated with battery technology
- Service robotics are growing in function and versatility
- 3D printing has become a core strategy for many industries
- The biotechnological and pharmaceutical industry has grown in terms of synthetic biology, nucleic acid technologies, bioinformatics etc.
- Nano-engineered devices, intelligent polymers, and other nanotechnological advances are occurring
- Super/cloud computing, the demand for integrated voice, data and video platforms is growing
- Intelligent systems, information and data modelling, simulation and other computing technologies are being developed
Source: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/288562/12-1157-technology-innovation-futures-uk-growth-opportunities-2012-refresh.pdf

India Technological Developments
- "The technology sector in India has a major impact on the Indian economy. The industry has grown from US$4 billion in 1998 to more than US$80 billion in 2011, employing directly and indirectly more than 10 million people. Riding on the services outsourcing wave, domestic and international companies have leveraged India's value proposition to enhance their competitiveness in the global market."
- "Key government initiatives, such as setting up of tax free zones, Software Technology Parks of India (STPI) and Special Economic Zones (SEZ), have given strong impetus to the export of IT services."
- "Five principle sectors in the IT industry, namely online businesses, IT services, IT-enabled services and software and hardware merchandise received most of the investments. Compelling cost advantage coupled with available skilled force has driven this spectacular growth."
- "India is one of the leading offshore destinations in delivering engineering research and development (ER&D) services with a market share of 22 per cent. The market in India is expected to grow to US$ 42 billion by 2020, as per a Zinnov study titled, 'Engineering R&D: Advantage India'"
Source: http://www.telstraglobal.com/blogpost/india-s-growth-in-the-last-decade-and-its-impact-on-technology-growth-and-its-leadership

Canada Technological Developments
- Key areas of development include: quantam computing, space technologies, genetics and biotechnology etc.
Source: http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/icgc.nsf/eng/h_07056.html
- "Canada and Europe are longstanding partners in the field of Science and Technology. Research and development partnerships thrive at academic, private and public levels, in both Europe and Canada...The mutual advantages of strong Canada-EU science, technology and innovation partnerships are evident. Many EU priority areas for research overlap with those of Canada, such as energy (eg hydrogen and fuel cells, carbon capture and storage), food and biotechnology (biofuels, traceability, diet and nutrition), health (aging population, diabetes, cancer, obesity) and information and communication technologies (ICT). Working collaboratively enables researchers to interact with the world's best minds and organisations thus avoiding duplication of effort and enabling the benefits and risks to be shared."
Source: http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/eu-ue/policies-politiques/science_tech.aspx?lang=eng
- There is also a key emphasis on sustainable development technologies through the SDT program which funds and supports cleantech projects and companies.
Source: https://www.sdtc.ca/en/about-sdtc/about-us

• A brief analysis of any GIS systems that exist in these regions. If none exists, then an evaluation of why not.
US - The GIS systems used in the US in various sectors and industries. For ...