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1. What are the different sources and types of authority?
2. What are the differences between line and staff jobs? How can these two types of jobs be linked and coordinated?
3. What is meant by the term "hospitalists"?
4. What is meant by the term "business process reengineering"?

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Solution Summary

Responses to questions relating to the major principles of formal organizational theory. References are included.

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1. What are the different sources and types of authority?
According to ManagementInnovations.com, authority allows the holder to command or directly influence the actions of others by giving orders in line with the achievement of the goals of the organization. There are certain conditions under which employees in an organization accept authority and obey orders. Managers should be well informed of these and they must have the skills necessary to command respect and obedience from their subordinates. There are three main types of authority in an organization:
a. Line authority: This is the most fundamental authority and it is shown in superior-subordinate relationships. The holder of a line authority has the right to make decisions and to give order in matters concerning the management system production, sales, etc. so that the objectives can be attained. Those with line authority are composed of the people in the standard chain of command, from the board of directors going down to those in charge of the efficient performance of the activities of the organization. These managers are directly responsible in achieving the organization's goals. Line authority is based primarily on legitimate power and it is delegated by the organization so that those in charge of these areas in the organization can perform their obligatory activities properly.
b. Staff authority: Those who have line authority are assisted by other staff who are responsible for improving the effectiveness of the employees in performing their tasks. The staff has the right to advise or assist those who possess line authority as well as the personnel involved. They offer varied types of help and advice through research, analysis and options development. They can also assist in policy implementation, monitoring and control of financial matters. These people have staff authority and they must work hand-in-hand with those who have line authority so that there will be efficiency and effectiveness in the performance of tasks and attainment of objectives in the organization. Both need to work as partners and be united to help each other in reaching the organization's goals. Staff personnel are needed more in larger organizations. Most of them have the expertise in diversified areas. ...

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