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Relative Frequency: Variation in Expected Probabilities

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Conceptually we would expect the probability of newborn males and females to be the same. However, census reports indicate that the ratios of males and females in various countries do not conform to the theoretical prediction. What do you think accounts for this variation? Can you think of other cases where the expected probabilities do not quite agree with the empirical values?

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This solution discusses variation in expected probabilities.

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Statistics say the ratio of males to females should be 1 to 1. However, this is not the case in many countries. There are many factors that can explain the discrepancy between the observed against the expected statistics between male and female sex ratios. Some of the factors are listed below:

1. Natural factors: Factors such as paternal age, birth order, gestation ...

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