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Four Layers in Distance-Measurement Ladder

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Can I get help with describing the four layers in the distance-measurement ladder involved in determining the distance to a galaxy lying 5 Mpc away?

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Solution Summary

This solution discusses the first 4 rungs of the cosmic distance ladder, and how they build upon each other.

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http://physics.ucr.edu/~wudka/Physics7/Notes_www/node112.html

http://terrytao.wordpress.com/2010/10/10/the-cosmic-distance-ladder-ver-4-1/

The 4 rungs we're dealing with are:
Direct Measurement (Up to 1 Astronomical Unit or the distance from Earth to Sun)
Stellar Parallax (Up to 100pc)
Spectroscopic Parallax (Up to 10,000pc)
Variable Stars (Up to 15 Mpc)

1st Rung: The first rung has become very simple due to hundreds of years of advancements using radar, lasers and knowing the speed of sound and light. By ...

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