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Symbolizing Arguments and Arguments to Standard Form

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Please explain symbolizing arguments and arguments to standard form.

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This solution provides a step-by-step discussion of how to symbolize arguments and arguments to standard form e.g. compares deductive and inductive arguments. Concrete examples are provided.

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The terms "symbolizing arguments and arguments to standard form" are part of categorical logic, which is also referred to as Aristotelian, and syllogistic logic. It is a form of deductive logic (as opposed to inductive logic).
Let's first look at deductive arguments (compared to inductive arguments), to see the difference and to help you understand
Deductive reasoning or logic
Deductive arguments are those whose premises guarantee the truth of the conclusion, and inductive arguments are those whose premises make it reasonable (probable) to accept the conclusion but do not absolutely guarantee its truth. To understand the nature of deductive reasoning it is essential to understand the fundamental difference between the two types of reasoning.
Most of the arguments we have in everyday life are inductive arguments, or arguments that do not provide absolute guarantees. This is not necessarily bad, for in many cases the most we can expect of an argument is a degree of strength that fall somewhat short of constituting an absolute guarantee. Consider the following inductive argument:
The Golden Gate bridge is regularly inspected by qualified engineers.
Vehicles have been driving over it for years.
Therefore, I will be safe to drive over it tomorrow.
This is a strong argument, but it does not provide an absolute guarantee that it will be safe to drive over the bridge tomorrow. There is a remote possibility that it will collapse at the very moment I cross it. If the premises are true then the conclusion will very likely, or probably, or almost certainly, be true; but the truth of the premises cannot absolutely rule out the possibly hat the conclusion will be false. In other words, the conclusion might turn out to be false even though the premises are true.
But deductive arguments are not like this. The conclusion of a deductive argument cannot possibly ...

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