Cache: Expected access time, Address reference format
1. Answer the following questions related to reference addresses:
a. Given a 64-byte cache block, a 4 KB direct-mapped cache (assume byte-addressable), and a 32 bit address reference, which bits would be used for tag, index, and offset?
b. Given a 64-byte cache block, a 32 KB direct-mapped cache (assume byte-addressable) and a 32 bit address reference, which bits would be used for tag, index, and offset?
c. Given a 64-byte cache block, a 512 KB fully associative cache (assume byte-addressable), and a 32 bit address reference, which bits would be used for tag, index, and offset?
d. Given a 128-byte cache block a 2 MB 8-way set associative cache (assume byte-addressable, and a 64 bit address reference, which bits would be used for tag, index, and offset (note that `way' denotes the number of blocks)?
2. Answer the following questions:
a. What is the expected access time for the following cache configuration: Primary Cache: access time, 1 cycle; hit ratio, 80% Secondary Cache: access time, 10 cycles; hit ratio, 96% Memory: access time, 100 cycles.
b. Additional Primary or Secondary cache could be added at same cost. If additional primary cache results in a 92% hit rate and additional secondary cache results in 97% hit rate, which would be the better addition?
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[1a]
Offset bits = lg(size of cache block in bytes) = lg(64) = 6 bits (bits 0:5)
Index bits = lg(size of direct-mapped cache in bytes) = lg(4 KB) = lg(4096) = 12 bits (bits 6:17)
Tag bits = 32 - 6 - 12 = 14 bits (bits 18:31)
Offset and index bits are subtracted from 32 because the address reference is 32 bits.
[1b]
Offset bits = lg(size of cache block in bytes) = lg(64) = 6 bits (bits 0:5)
Index bits = lg(size of direct-mapped cache in bytes) = lg(32 KB) = lg(32768) = 15 bits (bits 6:20)
Tag bits = 32 - 6 - 15 = 11 bits (bits 21:31).
Offset and index bits are subtracted from 32 because the address reference is 32 bits.
[1c]
In case of fully associative cache, address reference ...
Solution Summary
Step by step calculations are shown along with brief explanations and relevant formulas used.
Develop database tables using a relational database system
This is the problem:
Tom Ashton started Ashton Manufacturing Inc (AMI) several years ago. The Company has grown quickly from a small operation to the mid-sized organization it is today. AMI has an opportunity to take on an additional customer. This arrangement will allow AMI to grow to a large organization operating nearly 24 hours a day / 7 days a week.
Recently AMI has been experiencing significant downtime due to a failing software application written for AMI when the company started. This Access database application is responsible for a key manufacturing process.
Mr. Ashton and his investors are concerned the Company can not grow until the technical infrastructure is in place and functioning properly. AMI has limited funds for IT endeavors but has hired your consulting firm seeking advice.
Objective:
Prepare a 1-page executive summary including your recommendations to repair or replace the application. Support this summary with a research paper which contains the details behind the summary.
Start by researching Microsoft Access and other prominent RDBMS such as MS SQL Server, Oracle and My SQL. Compare and contrast these systems based on key features such as scalability, ease of implementation (development and support), performance, security and price.
Include a discussion on SQL:
What is SQL?
Who owns SQL?
What are some of the differences in the SQL supported by RDBMS vendors?