Institutional Bias on Various Levels

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Definition of Institutional Bias according to the Oxford Reference dictionary:
Retrieved: http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100005347

"A tendency for the procedures and practices of particular institutions to operate in ways which result in certain social groups being advantaged or favoured and others being disadvantaged or devalued. This need not be the result of any conscious prejudice or discrimination but rather of the majority simply following existing rules or norms. Institutional racism and institutional sexism are the most common examples."

Examples of Institutional Bias

Law enforcement agencies disproportionally arresting more minority citizens than non-minority citizens and more than the local criminal activity necessitates.

Housing authorities in some states pass regulations that hinder certain ethnic groups from renting, leasing, or buying homes or apartments. Value of houses are assessed based upon the racial makeup of the community. Practices such as redlining and mortgage and home loan discrimination are also part of the institutionalized bias.
Housing and wealth inequalities: http://money.cnn.com/2013/02/27/news/economy/wealth-whites-blacks/?iid

Workplace environments have tendencies to prefer men over women and minimizes opportunities for women to be promoted more so than men. Recent equal pay for equal work legislature has moved to decrease institutionalized di
Data from "Discrimination Without Prejudice: http://www.ajcarchives.org/ajc_data/files/623.pdf. ...