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finance deficit spending

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How do governments borrow funds to finance deficit spending? What is likely to happen to interest rates in the market? Assume flexible exchange rates, what is likely to happen to the exchange rate of the domestic currency? How are these related to crowding-out effect?

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The crowding-out effect is referenced.

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In order to finance deficit spending, the government issues bonds (which are esentially a promise from the government that it will pay the buyer of the bond X dollars at a given time in the future) and then sells them in the capital markets. This provides the government with funds with which to pay for the deficit today, but it will have to repay this debt in the future.

The effect of the issuance of bonds on the interest rate is that it will increase. The ...

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