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Sunk Costs and Externalities

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Why is a sunk cost excluded (I think they are sunk because the manager is in the process of sinking the company) while opportunity cost (opportunity for what?) is included?

Moreover, why is externality cost (external to my office, my company, or my comprehension) included in financial analyses?

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Sunk cost is excluded from analysis because these are costs that have already been incurred. There is nothing that the manager can do to recoup these costs back. Thus, going forward sunk costs should be excluded from analysis as they do not impact the cash flow in the future. For example, if for a project you have already spend $1M in marketing expenses, then those are sunk costs that you ...

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