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    Atmosphere

    An atmosphere is a layer of gases surrounding a material body of sufficient mass. It is held in place by the gravitational pull of the mass. An atmosphere is more likely to retain if the gravity of the mass is high and the atmospheric temperature is low.

    The Earth’s atmosphere contains oxygen which is used by most organisms for respiration. It also protects organisms from genetic damage by solar ultraviolet radiation. Earth’s atmosphere is composed of 78.075 nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen 0.93% argon, 0.038% carbon dioxide and traces of other “noble” gases.

    Earth’s atmosphere consists of different layers. From the ground up it contains the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere and magnetosphere. Each layer has a defining rate of change in temperature with height.

    A stellar atmosphere is the outer region of a star. It typically includes the portion starting from the opaque photosphere outwards. Due to the low relative temperature, stars may form compound molecules in their outer atmosphere.

    Initially, the atmospheric makeup is related to the chemistry and temperature of the local solar nebula during planetary formation and subsequent escape of interior gases. The original atmosphere started with the radially local rotating gases that collapsed to the spaced rings that form the planets.

    The atmosphere of Venus and Mars are primarily composed of carbon dioxide and a small quantity of nitrogen, argon and oxygen.

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    Atmospheric Problems

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    Heat Content of Air

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    Using Bernoulli's Theorem

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    Pressure at Depth in the Atmosphere

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    Fluids, Archimedes' Principle and Equation of Continuity

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    Gas expansion problems

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    AP Physics Problem for the Pressure Calcuation

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    Estimating the "Total Weight" of the Atmosphere

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    Bulk Modulus Pressures

    Consider a fluid that is under some pressure p, i.e. on every volume element V there is a force acting perpendicular to its surface such that its strength per m2 is the pressure p. A small pressure increase Δp will lead to a small compression ΔV, if the material is linear then these two are related by Δp = -B(ΔV/V) where B

    Absolute pressure at depth of water

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    Fluid pressure: Bernoulli's equation

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    Archimede's principle, buoyancy and pressure

    A hollow metal cube made of aluminum has an outer-length of 12cm and an inner length of 8cm (each "side" of the outside of the cube is 12cm long, each "side" of the inside of the cube is 8cm long). The density of Al is 2,700 kg per cubic meter. The density of water is 1,000 kg per cubic meter. If this empty, sealed cube is

    Air pressure

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    Calculating Gas Gauge Pressure

    Four tanks of gas, labeled A, B, C, and D are stored under different conditions. The gases in these tanks are then placed into a fifth, tank E. Eventually, the combined gases reach a temperature which is that of the 25 degrees celcius room. What will be the gauge pressure of the final sample? Tank information for each tank is

    Atmosphere Problem: Tightly capped 5 liter container of oxygenated water

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